CS91 Energy Code Feasibility Study in Brockton, Massachusetts

Energy code feasibility study for a 41-unit high-rise in Massachusetts. Compares multiple design paths. Recommended: HPWH-INTEGRATED (All-Electric). View full study.

Study Type
Energy Code Feasibility Study
State
Massachusetts
Units
41
Building Type
high-rise
Fuel Type
All-Electric
Recommended Path
HPWH-INTEGRATED (All-Electric)

Goal

To find the most cost-effective compliance path, this report isolates energy code related costs from total construction. We use real bid data from vendors & clients to create a reliable framework for aligning incentives and design, with all recommendations confirmed by detailed energy modeling.

Project

  • Brockton, MA 02301
  • 1 Building | 41 Units | 37,782 SF Conditioned
  • New Construction | 6-story high-rise multifamily (x1)
  • All-Electric | 2021 IECC with MA Amendments (Stretch Code) | HERS ≤ 45 | ENERGY STAR MFNC v1.2

Overview

Read This: This report compares different ways you can build the project and meet energy code, looking at both cost and incentives, with the ultimate goal as finding the most affordable path.

  • The overview outlines the key differences between each of the paths we show in this report and why we recommend the one we picked over the others.
  • The recommended design section is where we share the requirements and incentives for the path we think is best based on affordability.
  • The path comparison section shows the detailed requirements and incentives for each path we compared, basically showing our work if you want to dig in.

Product Recs: All product recommendations are recommendations only and can be substituted with any equivalent or better match.

Path Summaries

All three paths are all-electric, meet the Massachusetts Stretch Code, and are modeled to pass ENERGY STAR MFNC v1.2 on a lean margin, so the choice is cost, incentives, and how much envelope and appliance performance to buy.

HPWH-INTEGRATED (All-Electric): Recommended

This path targets ENERGY STAR MFNC v1.2 on the Stretch Code HERS ceiling and lands at about $60.29/sf net after the $71,750 Mass Save ENERGY STAR high-rise incentive plus the in-unit heat pump water heater adder. It is the lowest net cost of the three all-electric options while keeping R-23 walls without continuous exterior insulation, which is the simplest envelope to build. Integrated heat pump water heaters in each unit avoid the split-tank equipment and the higher central-system adder, and the wall air barrier sits on the sheathing with the roof air barrier on the room side of the strapped insulation.

HPWH-SPLIT (All-Electric): Alternative

A strong alternative at about $60.38/sf net, roughly $0.09/sf more than HPWH-INTEGRATED. It keeps the same ducted cold-climate heat pump, ERV, and R-23 no-CI wall package but uses split-system heat pump water heaters instead of integrated tanks, which adds the $750 per unit split-tank adder while keeping the same modeled UEF and gallon sizes. Choose it when the project wants the outdoor-compressor layout for water heating or needs to match a prior split-HPWH design.

ELEC RESISTANCE (All-Electric): Alternative

An alternative at about $61.18/sf net, about $0.89/sf more than HPWH-INTEGRATED. It buys the tightest envelope and appliances on the table: R-10 continuous walls, R-30 deck insulation, U 0.15 windows, induction cooking, and the highest-efficiency laundry pair, plus a $250 per unit induction adder. Electric resistance water heating avoids heat pump water heater equipment but adds operating cost. Choose it when the owner wants maximum electric performance and builder-friendly induction kitchens without heat pump water heating.

What Changes Between Paths

Item

ELEC RESISTANCE

HPWH-SPLIT

HPWH-INTEGRATED (Recommended)

Exterior Walls

≥ R-21 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-10 continuous exterior insulation.

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

Roof

Sealed attic: ≥ R-30 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Windows & Glass Doors

High performance, U ≤ 0.15 / SHGC ≤ 0.20.

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC ≤ 0.25.

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC ≤ 0.25.

DHW

Electric resistance storage water heater; UEF ≥ 0.93; 50 gal.

1-Bedroom: Split-system heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal
2-Bedroom: Split-system heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 50 gal
3-Bedroom: Split-system heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 65 gal

1-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal
2-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 50 gal
3-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 65 gal

Clothes Washer

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 105 kWh/yr; electric.

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric.

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric.

Clothes Dryer

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8.5.

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 6.

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 6.

Stove / Oven

Electric induction cooktop; convection oven.

Electric range.

Electric range.

Cost $/sf

$62.82

$62.21

$61.32

Incentive $/sf

$2.28

$2.82

$2.28

Net $/sf

$61.18

$60.38

$60.29

Permit / Certificate of Occupancy Requirements

Permit / Certificate of Occupancy Requirements

High Rise Buildings

High Rise Buildings

Code Path

  • HERS: Brockton is a Stretch Code town. The buildings are 6-story Group R under 225 CMR 23, and the dwelling units comply by per-unit HERS under section C407.4. The all-electric Stretch ceiling is HERS ≤ 45 (Table C407.4, new construction column). Section C407.4.1 requires the building to meet ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction.

Permit Requirements

  • HERS: With the building permit application, per 225 CMR 23 section C407.4.2.1: the proposed HERS Index on the title page and plans, the rater's name, the software name and version, all modeled inputs, and a certificate showing each dwelling unit type at or below the Table C407.4 ceiling, with the component specifications behind it (insulation R-values and U-factors, assumed duct and envelope leakage, and heating, cooling, ventilation, and water-heating types and efficiencies), on the worst-case orientation where no site-specific report is produced. ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction design review by the rater is part of that package (C407.4.1).

Certificate of Occupancy Requirements

  • HERS: Before certificate of occupancy, per 225 CMR 23 section C407.4.2.2: the final HERS Index on the title page and plans, a confirmed as-built HERS certificate for each rated unit with the duct and envelope air-leakage test results and the installed equipment efficiencies, and documentation that each unit meets ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction (item 7). C405.13 EV-ready and Appendix CB solar-ready compliance close out with it (item 9). A certified HERS rater verifies the package (C407.4.3). Air-leakage testing follows ANSI/RESNET/ICC 380, and RESNET sampling is permitted because each building has more than 8 units (C402.5.2.2).

Recommended Design

This section outlines the design requirements, product recommendations, and incentives for the design that we believe will be the most affordable path to meeting energy code.

Recommended Design - Incentives

Incentives Available: $86,100 - $147,600

  • MassSave Multifamily High Rise Program Energy Star Tier ($71,750) (Program Breakdown): You get this rebate for having your building(s) certified for the Energy Star MFNC v1.2 program. This requires pre-approval via an application to be submitted before construction starts. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • In-Unit Heat Pump Water Heater Adder ($10,250) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $250 per unit for installing a heat-pump water heater in each dwelling unit. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • Wi-Fi Connected Thermostat Adder ($4,100) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $100 per unit for installing a Wi-Fi connected thermostat in each dwelling unit. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • DOER Alternative Energy Credits ($0 - $61,500) (Program Breakdown): This rebate is received for installing APS eligible air source heat pumps (click here for the list). There is an extensive process to get this incentive. It comes in the form of a check approximately 6-12 months after the heat pumps are installed and fully operational.
    • IMPORTANT: Although an estimate is provided, this incentive can vary widely typically between $300-1,500 per heat pump. It's based on expected kWh usage of the system as well as the market value of the alternative energy credits when sold.
    • Risks: Massachusetts is rewriting this program right now. The House bill would stop the state from accepting new applications on January 1, 2028, the Senate version leaves heat pumps out of that cutoff, and the two are in conference. The application needs the equipment installed and operating, so a project that will not reach that point before the deadline should treat this as upside rather than a budgeted line.

HVAC Design Loads

Plymouth County, MA · heating 9.0°F/70.0°F · cooling 88.0°F/75.0°F · all values kBtuh

Design heat loss · components

Unit type

Walls & rim joists

Roof / ceiling

Slab, floors & below grade

Windows & doors

Infiltration

Ventilation

Design heat loss

Design heat loss at selection

1-Bedroom

1.4

0.9

0.0

2.0

3.3

1.8

9.4 @ 9°F

10.0 @ 5°F

2-Bedroom

3.9

0.6

0.0

3.2

4.8

2.4

14.9 @ 9°F

15.9 @ 5°F

3-Bedroom

5.1

0.9

0.0

3.9

5.6

2.4

17.9 @ 9°F

19.1 @ 5°F

Design heat gain · components

Unit type

Solar through glazing

Envelope conduction

Internal gains

Infiltration & ventilation

Latent

Total heat gain

Sensible heat ratio

1-Bedroom

2.4

1.0

2.1

1.7

2.8

10.0

0.71

2-Bedroom

3.4

1.7

2.3

2.3

3.9

13.6

0.71

3-Bedroom

3.0

2.2

2.5

2.5

4.4

14.5

0.70

Selection

Unit type

Cooling Capacity

Minimum Heating Capacity

1-Bedroom

9.0 to 20.0 kBtuh rated

≥ 10.0 kBtuh @ 5°F

2-Bedroom

12.2 to 20.0 kBtuh rated

≥ 15.9 kBtuh @ 5°F

3-Bedroom

13.1 to 20.0 kBtuh rated

≥ 19.1 kBtuh @ 5°F

ENERGY STAR Total UA

Item

Detail

Climate zone

IECC 5A (2021 IECC map)

Program

ENERGY STAR MFNC National v1.2 Rev. 05

Rule

Design Review Item 2.1 / Fn 11-12; Proposed UA ≤ Reference UA

Code reference

Exhibit 1 Table 1 (2021 IECC CZ); Design Review Item 2.1 / Fn 11-12

Version basis

explicit program key (v1.2)

Note

Code minimum for this permit is v1.1; v1.2 used for explicit program key (v1.2). Confirm certification path matches the incentive or AHJ requirement. Reference wall U for wood-framed exterior walls is U-0.064 in Climate Zone 5 (Design Review Checklist Rev. 05 footnote 12.i). Proposed wall U stays the Ekotrope assembly U. Proposed U for walls, roof, windows, doors is the area-weighted Ekotrope assembly U. Any component without an Ekotrope U keeps the spec lookup. Proposed wall U 0.054 is the area-weighted Ekotrope assembly U (0.054). The v1.1 wood-framed-wall exception is the Reference U in this table (0.064), not a replacement for a better Ekotrope U. Reference wall U is U-0.064 for Group R wood-framed walls in Climate Zone 5 (Design Review Checklist Rev. 05 footnote 12.i). Basement envelope takeoffs: basement floor area matches roof (7,761 sf); foundation wall length and slab edge perimeter match the floor plate (2,270 lf); below-grade wall height 10 ft (ENERGY STAR MFNC v1.2 / conditioned basement).

Assembly

Proposed spec

Walls

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

Roof

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Windows

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC ≤ 0.25.

Doors

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

Slab

N/A - slab is below grade.

Envelope Takeoffs

Building

Opaque walls (sf)

Roof (sf)

Windows (sf)

Basement floor (sf)

Foundation wall (lf)

69

27,437

7,761

6,200

7,761

378

Component UA

Component

Quantity

Proposed U or F

Proposed UA

Reference U or F

Reference UA

Opaque exterior walls

27,437 sf

0.064

1,756

0.064

1,756

Roof / ceiling

7,761 sf

0.020

153

0.024

186

Windows & glass doors

6,200 sf

0.250

1,550

0.270

1,674

Below-grade walls

3,780 sf

0.038

145

0.050

189

Total UA

Building

Proposed UA

Reference UA

% of reference

Result

69

3,603

3,805

94.7%

PASS

Site total

3,603

3,805

94.7%

PASS

Recommended Design - Units

Item

Detailed Specifications

Exterior Walls

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

Below Grade Walls

N/A

Corridor Walls

N/A

Slab

N/A

Floor Over Unconditioned Space

N/A

Floor Over Garage

N/A

Floor Over Podium

N/A

Rim Joists

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

Roof

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Windows & Glass Doors

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC ≤ 0.25. (Product Rec).

Doors

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

Air Sealing

≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of shell; tested. (Air Sealing Protocol)

HVAC

Ducted air-source heat pump; SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads. (Product Rec).

Ductwork

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

Duct Sealing

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final. (Duct Sealing Protocol)

HVAC Grading

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

Mechanical Ventilation

In-unit ERV (Product Rec).
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

Local Mechanical Exhaust

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement. The dwelling-unit balanced ERV is designed to satisfy this requirement.

Thermostats

Wi-Fi connected thermostat.

DHW

1-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal (Product Rec).
2-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 50 gal
3-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 65 gal

DHW Piping

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

Water Fixtures

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

Refrigerator

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric. (Product Rec).

Dishwasher

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric. (Product Rec).

Clothes Washer

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric. (Product Rec).

Clothes Dryer

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 6. (Product Rec).

Stove / Oven

Electric range. (Product Rec).

Lighting

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

Solar Ready

Exempt. A solar PV system is planned for installation on the building, exempting the project from solar-ready zone requirements.

EV Ready

At least 20% of parking spaces wired EV-ready (40-amp Level II; shared circuits with load management allowed).

HPWH Ready

N/A

Paperwork & Modeling

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

Testing & Verification

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

Recommended Design - Common Areas

Item

Common Areas (Residential Building)

Exterior Walls

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

Below Grade Walls

≥ R-15 continuous insulation, or ≥ R-19 cavity insulation, or ≥ R-13 cavity + ≥ R-5 continuous insulation.
From the top of the basement wall to 10 ft below grade or the basement floor, whichever is less.

Corridor Walls

N/A

Slab

N/A

Floor Over Unconditioned Space

N/A

Floor Over Garage

N/A

Floor Over Podium

N/A

Rim Joists

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

Roof

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Windows & Glass Doors

Fixed U ≤ 0.34.
Operable U ≤ 0.43.
SHGC ≤ 0.40.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Multifamily Reference Design, common-space windows, climate zone 5.

Doors

Glazed entrance U ≤ 0.60.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Multifamily Reference Design, common-space glazed entrance doors, climate zone 5.

Air Sealing

Continuous air barrier for these spaces.
Hallways, stairwells, and enclosed common spaces not greater than 1,500 sqft, verified by inspection.
225 CMR 23 C402.5.2.2

HVAC

Ducted split heat pump: HSPF2 ≥ 7.8 / SEER2 ≥ 15.2.
Ductless heat pump: HSPF2 ≥ 8.2 / SEER2 ≥ 16.
Ducted single packaged heat pump: HSPF2 ≥ 7.7 / SEER2 ≥ 15.2.
Ducted split cooling: SEER2 ≥ 13.3.
Ductless cooling: SEER2 ≥ 14.
Single packaged cooling: 5 percent better than ASHRAE 90.1-2019.
Electric resistance heat, where used, is not more than 12 kBtuh per enclosed space and has automatic thermostatic controls.
ENERGY STAR MFNC National Program Requirements v1.2 Rev. 05, Exhibit 1, Table 1 (2021 IECC Climate Zone 5) and Table 2.

Ductwork

Ducts and air handlers serving these spaces are in conditioned space.
A supply or return duct outside conditioned space is insulated to at least R-6.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Exhibit 1; HVAC Design Supplement for Common Spaces, Item 5.3.

Duct Sealing

Supply, return, and exhaust ducts and plenums serving these spaces are sealed at transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations.
ENERGY STAR MFNC HVAC Design Supplement for Common Spaces, Item 5.4.

HVAC Grading

N/A

Mechanical Ventilation

Outdoor air to the community space and the hallways, at the ASHRAE 62.1 Section 6 rate for that space.
The design rate is not more than 50 percent above the ASHRAE 62.1-2013 minimum.
The system runs automatically.
ENERGY STAR MFNC HVAC Design Supplement for Common Spaces, Items 2.1 and 2.12.

Local Mechanical Exhaust

N/A

Thermostats

Programmable thermostat.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Multifamily Reference Design, Exhibit 1.

DHW

Common-space electric service water heating: UEF ≥ 0.93 (ENERGY STAR MFNC v1.2 Rev. 05, Exhibit 1, Table 2 — Common Space Electric Efficiency).

DHW Piping

N/A

Water Fixtures

N/A

Refrigerator

N/A

Dishwasher

N/A

Clothes Washer

N/A

Clothes Dryer

N/A

Stove / Oven

N/A

Lighting

100% LED.
Community space 0.59 W/sqft.
Hallways 0.41 W/sqft.
Basement storage 0.38 W/sqft.
Maintenance and electrical rooms 0.43 W/sqft.
IECC 2021 Table C405.3.2(2)

Lighting Controls

Occupant sensors in the community space, hallways, and basement storage.
Hallway sensors reduce lighting to not more than 50 percent of full power within 20 minutes after the corridor is empty.
Interior exit stairways are exempt from lighting controls.
Daylight-responsive controls where general lighting exceeds 100 W in a primary sidelit zone, 300 W in a sidelit zone, or 100 W in a toplit zone.
IECC 2021 C405.2.1.4
225 CMR 23 C405.2.4

Solar Ready

Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building.

EV Ready

20% of parking spaces EV-ready.
40-amp dedicated branch circuit, or a larger branch circuit with automatic load management.
Wiring suitable for 6.6 kW or higher Level II EVSE, run to within 6 feet of the space.
One Level II space may be replaced by three Level I spaces wired for 20-amp, 120-volt EVSE.
225 CMR 23 C405.13 and Table C405.13

HPWH Ready

N/A

Electric Readiness

N/A

Vestibules

N/A

Efficiency Credits

N/A

Paperwork & Modeling

HERS index certificate at permit and at certificate of occupancy.
ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction workbook, design-review checklist, field checklist, and common-space HVAC supplement.
EV-ready space locations, wiring diagram, and load calculations.
225 CMR 23 C407.4.2 and C405.13.2

Testing & Verification

Hallways, stairwells, and enclosed common spaces not greater than 1,500 sqft verified by inspection of the continuous air barrier.
Common-space outdoor airflow measured.
HVAC functional testing of common-space and central systems.
Lighting controls tested.
225 CMR 23 C402.5.2.2 and C408
ENERGY STAR MFNC HVAC Functional Testing Checklist

Assembly Moisture Check

This section shows which air and vapor barriers are needed, and why.

Inputs

Item

Value

Climate zone

5A

Indoor air

70 F, 35% RH

Dewpoint of that indoor air

41 F

Outdoor air

9 F

Code

2021 IBC Section 1404.3, Table 1404.3(2)

Exterior Walls

#

Layer (inside to outside)

R

Running R

Temp

Dewpoint target

Vs dewpoint

1

Drywall

1.13

1.13

67.2 F

41 F

OK

2

Class II vapor retarder

0.00

1.13

67.2 F

41 F

OK

3

R-23 cavity insulation with 2x6 wood studs

23.00

24.13

10.9 F

41 F

First below dewpoint

4

Wood sheathing

0.62

24.75

9.4 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

5

Air barrier

0.00

24.75

9.4 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

6

Siding / cladding

0.17

24.92

9.0 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

Conclusion: Layer 3 is the first row below dewpoint. It is the cold plane we protect. Indoor moisture can turn to water if it gets there, and can eventually cause mold. It can get there two ways. It gets there through the drywall, which is why the vapor retarder is on the inside of the wall. It also gets there through holes (outlets, gaps, plates), which is why the air barrier is on the sheathing. Same at the rim.

Foundation / Below-Grade Walls

#

Layer (inside to outside)

R

Running R

Temp

Dewpoint target

Vs dewpoint

1

Drywall

1.13

1.13

65.9 F

41 F

OK

2

Air barrier

0.00

1.13

65.9 F

41 F

OK

3

R-15 continuous insulation

15.00

16.13

11.4 F

41 F

First below dewpoint

4

Concrete foundation wall

0.50

16.63

9.6 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

5

Soil

0.17

16.80

9.0 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

Conclusion: Layer 3 is the first row below dewpoint. It is the cold plane we protect. Indoor moisture can turn to water if it gets there, and can eventually cause mold. The continuous insulation is the vapor retarder. It can still get there through holes, which is why the air barrier is on the interior face of the insulation so room air cannot reach the cold concrete.

Roof (sealed attic)

#

Layer (inside to outside)

R

Running R

Temp

Dewpoint target

Vs dewpoint

1

Gypsum ceiling

1.13

1.13

68.6 F

41 F

OK

2

Air barrier

0.00

1.13

68.6 F

41 F

OK

3

R-19 at the underside of the deck

19.00

20.13

45.9 F

41 F

OK

4

Roof deck

0.62

20.75

45.1 F

41 F

OK

5

R-30 continuous insulation

30.00

50.75

9.2 F

41 F

First below dewpoint

6

Roofing

0.17

50.92

9.0 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

Conclusion: Layer 5 is the first row below dewpoint. It is the cold plane we protect. Indoor moisture can turn to water if it gets there, and can eventually cause mold. It can get there through the insulation strapped under the deck, which is why the air barrier is the sealed gypsum on the room side of that insulation. The layer on the deck does not satisfy this.

Exterior Walls (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Exterior Walls (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Foundation / Below-Grade Walls (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Foundation / Below-Grade Walls (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Roof (sealed attic) (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Roof (sealed attic) (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Rim Joists (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Rim Joists (HPWH-INTEGRATED)

Path Comparison

This section shows the detailed requirements and incentives for each path we compared, basically showing our work of how we determined the recommended path is the most affordable way of meeting energy code compliance.

Path Comparison - Incentives

HPWH-INTEGRATED: $86,100 - $147,600

  • MassSave Multifamily High Rise Program Energy Star Tier ($71,750) (Program Breakdown): You get this rebate for having your building(s) certified for the Energy Star MFNC v1.2 program. This requires pre-approval via an application to be submitted before construction starts. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • In-Unit Heat Pump Water Heater Adder ($10,250) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $250 per unit for installing a heat-pump water heater in each dwelling unit. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • Wi-Fi Connected Thermostat Adder ($4,100) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $100 per unit for installing a Wi-Fi connected thermostat in each dwelling unit. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • DOER Alternative Energy Credits ($0 - $61,500) (Program Breakdown): This rebate is received for installing APS eligible air source heat pumps (click here for the list). There is an extensive process to get this incentive. It comes in the form of a check approximately 6-12 months after the heat pumps are installed and fully operational.
    • IMPORTANT: Although an estimate is provided, this incentive can vary widely typically between $300-1,500 per heat pump. It's based on expected kWh usage of the system as well as the market value of the alternative energy credits when sold.
    • Risks: Massachusetts is rewriting this program right now. The House bill would stop the state from accepting new applications on January 1, 2028, the Senate version leaves heat pumps out of that cutoff, and the two are in conference. The application needs the equipment installed and operating, so a project that will not reach that point before the deadline should treat this as upside rather than a budgeted line.

HPWH-SPLIT: $106,600 - $168,100

  • MassSave Multifamily High Rise Program Energy Star Tier ($71,750) (Program Breakdown): You get this rebate for having your building(s) certified for the Energy Star MFNC v1.2 program. This requires pre-approval via an application to be submitted before construction starts. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • Central / Split-System Heat Pump Water Heater Adder ($30,750) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $750 per unit for installing a central or split-system heat pump water heater. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • Wi-Fi Connected Thermostat Adder ($4,100) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $100 per unit for installing a Wi-Fi connected thermostat in each dwelling unit. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • DOER Alternative Energy Credits ($0 - $61,500) (Program Breakdown): This rebate is received for installing APS eligible air source heat pumps (click here for the list). There is an extensive process to get this incentive. It comes in the form of a check approximately 6-12 months after the heat pumps are installed and fully operational.
    • IMPORTANT: Although an estimate is provided, this incentive can vary widely typically between $300-1,500 per heat pump. It's based on expected kWh usage of the system as well as the market value of the alternative energy credits when sold.
    • Risks: Massachusetts is rewriting this program right now. The House bill would stop the state from accepting new applications on January 1, 2028, the Senate version leaves heat pumps out of that cutoff, and the two are in conference. The application needs the equipment installed and operating, so a project that will not reach that point before the deadline should treat this as upside rather than a budgeted line.

ELEC RESISTANCE: $86,100 - $147,600

  • MassSave Multifamily High Rise Program Energy Star Tier ($71,750) (Program Breakdown): You get this rebate for having your building(s) certified for the Energy Star MFNC v1.2 program. This requires pre-approval via an application to be submitted before construction starts. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • Induction Cooktop Adder ($10,250) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $250 per unit for installing an induction cooktop in each dwelling unit. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • Wi-Fi Connected Thermostat Adder ($4,100) : A MassSave market transformation adder of $100 per unit for installing a Wi-Fi connected thermostat in each dwelling unit. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • DOER Alternative Energy Credits ($0 - $61,500) (Program Breakdown): This rebate is received for installing APS eligible air source heat pumps (click here for the list). There is an extensive process to get this incentive. It comes in the form of a check approximately 6-12 months after the heat pumps are installed and fully operational.
    • IMPORTANT: Although an estimate is provided, this incentive can vary widely typically between $300-1,500 per heat pump. It's based on expected kWh usage of the system as well as the market value of the alternative energy credits when sold.
    • Risks: Massachusetts is rewriting this program right now. The House bill would stop the state from accepting new applications on January 1, 2028, the Senate version leaves heat pumps out of that cutoff, and the two are in conference. The application needs the equipment installed and operating, so a project that will not reach that point before the deadline should treat this as upside rather than a budgeted line.

Path Comparison - Net Cost Summary

Path

Total Cost $/sf

Total Incentives $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx Factor

HPWH-INTEGRATED

$61.32

$2.28

$60.29

1.02

HPWH-SPLIT

$62.21

$2.82

$60.38

1.02

ELEC RESISTANCE

$62.82

$2.28

$61.18

1.01

Path Comparison - Envelope

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

Exterior Walls

ELEC RESISTANCE

≥ R-21 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-10 continuous exterior insulation.

$7.23

$0.00

$7.23

0.95

HPWH-INTEGRATED

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

$5.56

$0.00

$5.56

0.95

HPWH-SPLIT

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

$5.56

$0.00

$5.56

0.95

Below Grade Walls

ELEC RESISTANCE

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Corridor Walls

ELEC RESISTANCE

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Slab

ELEC RESISTANCE

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Floor Over Unconditioned Space

ELEC RESISTANCE

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Floor Over Garage

ELEC RESISTANCE

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Floor Over Podium

ELEC RESISTANCE

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Rim Joists

ELEC RESISTANCE

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

$0.20

$0.00

$0.20

0.95

HPWH-INTEGRATED

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

$0.20

$0.00

$0.20

0.95

HPWH-SPLIT

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

$0.20

$0.00

$0.20

0.95

Roof

ELEC RESISTANCE

Sealed attic: ≥ R-30 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

$3.20

$0.00

$3.20

1.10

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

$2.79

$0.00

$2.79

1.10

HPWH-SPLIT

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

$2.79

$0.00

$2.79

1.10

Windows & Glass Doors

ELEC RESISTANCE

High performance, U ≤ 0.15 / SHGC ≤ 0.20.

$10.67

$0.00

$10.67

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC ≤ 0.25.

$9.49

$0.00

$9.49

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC ≤ 0.25.

$9.49

$0.00

$9.49

1.00

Doors

ELEC RESISTANCE

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

$0.35

$0.00

$0.35

0.95

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

$0.35

$0.00

$0.35

0.95

HPWH-SPLIT

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

$0.35

$0.00

$0.35

0.95

Air Sealing

ELEC RESISTANCE

≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of shell; tested.

$1.29

$0.00

$1.29

0.95

HPWH-INTEGRATED

≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of shell; tested.

$1.29

$0.00

$1.29

0.95

HPWH-SPLIT

≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of shell; tested.

$1.29

$0.00

$1.29

0.95

Path Comparison - Mechanical

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

HVAC

ELEC RESISTANCE

Ducted air-source heat pump; SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads.

$16.04

$0.00

$16.04

1.15

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Ducted air-source heat pump; SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads.

$16.04

$0.00

$16.04

1.15

HPWH-SPLIT

Ducted air-source heat pump; SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads.

$16.04

$0.00

$16.04

1.15

Ductwork

ELEC RESISTANCE

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

$5.18

$0.00

$5.18

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

$5.18

$0.00

$5.18

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

$5.18

$0.00

$5.18

1.00

Duct Sealing

ELEC RESISTANCE

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

1.00

HVAC Grading

ELEC RESISTANCE

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Mechanical Ventilation

ELEC RESISTANCE

In-unit ERV
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

$2.37

$0.00

$2.37

1.20

HPWH-INTEGRATED

In-unit ERV
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

$2.37

$0.00

$2.37

1.20

HPWH-SPLIT

In-unit ERV
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

$2.45

$0.00

$2.45

1.20

Local Mechanical Exhaust

ELEC RESISTANCE

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement. The dwelling-unit balanced ERV is designed to satisfy this requirement.

$1.26

$0.00

$1.26

1.05

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement. The dwelling-unit balanced ERV is designed to satisfy this requirement.

$1.26

$0.00

$1.26

1.05

HPWH-SPLIT

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement. The dwelling-unit balanced ERV is designed to satisfy this requirement.

$1.26

$0.00

$1.26

1.05

Thermostats

ELEC RESISTANCE

Wi-Fi connected thermostat.

$0.15

$0.11

$0.04

1.05

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Wi-Fi connected thermostat.

$0.15

$0.11

$0.04

1.05

HPWH-SPLIT

Wi-Fi connected thermostat.

$0.15

$0.11

$0.04

1.05

Path Comparison - Plumbing & Appliances

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

DHW

ELEC RESISTANCE

Electric resistance storage water heater; UEF ≥ 0.93; 50 gal.

$1.11

$0.00

$1.11

0.90

HPWH-INTEGRATED

1-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal
2-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 50 gal
3-Bedroom: In-unit heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 65 gal

$3.35

$0.27

$3.08

1.20

HPWH-SPLIT

1-Bedroom: Split-system heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal
2-Bedroom: Split-system heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 50 gal
3-Bedroom: Split-system heat pump water heater (HPWH); UEF ≥ 3.88; 65 gal

$4.16

$0.81

$3.35

1.05

DHW Piping

ELEC RESISTANCE

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

0.95

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

0.95

HPWH-SPLIT

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

0.95

Water Fixtures

ELEC RESISTANCE

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

$2.22

$0.00

$2.22

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

$2.22

$0.00

$2.22

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

$2.22

$0.00

$2.22

1.00

Refrigerator

ELEC RESISTANCE

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.94

$0.00

$0.94

1.10

HPWH-INTEGRATED

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.94

$0.00

$0.94

1.10

HPWH-SPLIT

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.94

$0.00

$0.94

1.10

Dishwasher

ELEC RESISTANCE

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.52

$0.00

$0.52

1.10

HPWH-INTEGRATED

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.52

$0.00

$0.52

1.10

HPWH-SPLIT

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.52

$0.00

$0.52

1.10

Clothes Washer

ELEC RESISTANCE

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 105 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.66

$0.00

$0.66

1.10

HPWH-INTEGRATED

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.63

$0.00

$0.63

1.10

HPWH-SPLIT

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.63

$0.00

$0.63

1.10

Clothes Dryer

ELEC RESISTANCE

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8.5.

$1.42

$0.00

$1.42

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 6.

$1.22

$0.00

$1.22

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 6.

$1.22

$0.00

$1.22

1.00

Stove / Oven

ELEC RESISTANCE

Electric induction cooktop; convection oven.

$0.96

$0.27

$0.69

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Electric range.

$0.71

$0.00

$0.71

1.05

HPWH-SPLIT

Electric range.

$0.71

$0.00

$0.71

1.05

Path Comparison - Electrical

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

Lighting

ELEC RESISTANCE

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

$4.00

$0.00

$4.00

0.85

HPWH-INTEGRATED

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

$4.00

$0.00

$4.00

0.85

HPWH-SPLIT

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

$4.00

$0.00

$4.00

0.85

Solar Ready

ELEC RESISTANCE

Exempt. A solar PV system is planned for installation on the building, exempting the project from solar-ready zone requirements.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

Exempt. A solar PV system is planned for installation on the building, exempting the project from solar-ready zone requirements.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

Exempt. A solar PV system is planned for installation on the building, exempting the project from solar-ready zone requirements.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

EV Ready

ELEC RESISTANCE

At least 20% of parking spaces wired EV-ready (40-amp Level II; shared circuits with load management allowed).

$0.46

$0.00

$0.46

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

At least 20% of parking spaces wired EV-ready (40-amp Level II; shared circuits with load management allowed).

$0.46

$0.00

$0.46

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

At least 20% of parking spaces wired EV-ready (40-amp Level II; shared circuits with load management allowed).

$0.46

$0.00

$0.46

1.00

HPWH Ready

ELEC RESISTANCE

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Path Comparison - Soft Costs & Whole-Building Incentives

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

Paperwork & Modeling

ELEC RESISTANCE

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

$0.24

$1.90

-$1.66

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

$0.24

$1.90

-$1.66

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

$0.24

$1.90

-$1.66

1.00

Testing & Verification

ELEC RESISTANCE

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

$0.57

$0.00

$0.57

1.00

HPWH-INTEGRATED

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

$0.57

$0.00

$0.57

1.00

HPWH-SPLIT

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

$0.57

$0.00

$0.57

1.00

Additional Design Considerations Not Represented In This Study

  • Smaller Heat Pumps on the ELECTRIC and HPWH-SPLIT Units: A smaller heat pump sized to the cooling load was not used on the ELECTRIC two- and three-bedroom units or the HPWH-SPLIT two- and three-bedroom units, because heating at 5F set the size. Those units stay single-stage ducted heat pumps at 24 kBtuh. ENERGY STAR MFNC holds a single-stage unit to 130 percent of the cooling load, or to 20 kBtuh when the cooling load is 15 kBtuh or less. The ELECTRIC two-bedroom is 176.5 percent of its 13.6 kBtuh cooling load, the ELECTRIC three-bedroom is 165.5 percent of its 14.5 kBtuh load, and the HPWH-SPLIT three-bedroom is 157.9 percent of its 15.2 kBtuh load. Each of those cooling loads is 15 kBtuh or less, so the 20 kBtuh allowance applies, and 24 kBtuh sits above it. The same units deliver 21.1 kBtuh of heat at 5F, against design heat losses that require the 24 kBtuh selection. An 18 kBtuh unit would fall short at 5F. A two-stage or variable-speed unit at the same nominal size may qualify under the higher cooling cap, and that equipment is not in this study. The one-bedroom units pass at 12 kBtuh on every path.
  • Triple-Pane Windows on ELECTRIC and HPWH-SPLIT: Triple-pane glazing was considered and not used on ELECTRIC and HPWH-SPLIT. Those paths model windows at U 0.25 and SHGC 0.25, and a dual-pane low-E package meets that specification. Triple-pane glass would post a lower U-factor, and it is not in the model.