CS87 Energy Code Feasibility Study in Brockton, Massachusetts
Energy code feasibility study for a 41-unit high-rise in Massachusetts. Compares multiple design paths. Recommended: GAS-HEAT (Mixed-Fuel). View full study.
- Study Type
- Energy Code Feasibility Study
- State
- Massachusetts
- Units
- 41
- Building Type
- high-rise
- Fuel Type
- Mixed Fuel
- Recommended Path
- GAS-HEAT (Mixed-Fuel)
Goal
To find the most cost-effective compliance path, this report isolates energy code related costs from total construction. We use real bid data from vendors & clients to create a reliable framework for aligning incentives and design, with all recommendations confirmed by detailed energy modeling.
Project
- Brockton, MA 02301
- 1 Building | 41 Units | 37,782 SF Conditioned
- New Construction | 6-story high-rise multifamily (x1)
- All-Electric OR Mixed Fuel | 2021 IECC with MA Amendments (Stretch Code) | HERS ≤ 45 (All-Electric) OR HERS ≤ 42 (Mixed Fuel) | ENERGY STAR MFNC v1.2
Overview
Read This: This report compares different ways you can build the project and meet energy code, looking at both cost and incentives, with the ultimate goal as finding the most affordable path.
- The overview outlines the key differences between each of the paths we show in this report and why we recommend the one we picked over the others.
- The recommended design section is where we share the requirements and incentives for the path we think is best based on affordability.
- The path comparison section shows the detailed requirements and incentives for each path we compared, basically showing our work if you want to dig in.
Product Recs: All product recommendations are recommendations only and can be substituted with any equivalent or better match.
Path Summaries
All three paths meet the Massachusetts Stretch Code and are modeled to pass on a lean margin, so the choice between them is a matter of cost and constructability rather than compliance.
GAS-HEAT (Mixed-Fuel): Recommended
This is the least expensive path at approximately $58.05/sf net, and it is the most labor-intensive of the three to build. Mixed-fuel heating gives up the $71,750 Mass Save ENERGY STAR multifamily high-rise incentive ($1,750 per unit) and runs against the direction Massachusetts energy code is heading, so the case for this path is first cost. The wall air barrier sits on the sheathing and the roof air barrier sits on the room side of the strapped insulation.
CURRENT (Mixed-Fuel): Alternative (Keeps the Incentive)
This is a strong alternative at approximately $59.82/sf net, about $2/sf more than the GAS-HEAT path, and it keeps the $71,750 Mass Save incentive the recommended path gives up. Electric heat with gas water heating holds that incentive without an all-electric building. Choose this path when keeping the incentive matters more than the lowest first cost.
ELECTRIC (All-Electric): Alternative (Builder-Friendly)
At approximately $60.03/sf net, this path costs about $2/sf more than the GAS-HEAT path, and it is the most builder-friendly of the three. It keeps the project fully electric, which preserves that same incentive and aligns with the direction Massachusetts energy code is heading. Choose this path when construction speed and a simpler build matter more than first cost.
What Changes Between Paths
Item | ELECTRIC | CURRENT | GAS-HEAT (Recommended) |
|---|---|---|---|
Exterior Walls | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation. | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. |
Air Sealing | ≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. | ≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. | ≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. |
HVAC | Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads. | Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads. | Natural gas furnace (as modeled); AFUE ≥ 95; cooling by a separate system, cooling only; SEER2 ≥ 16. See HVAC Design Loads. |
DHW | 1-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal | Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal. | Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal. |
Dishwasher | ≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric. | ≤ 240 kWh/yr; electric. | ≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric. |
Clothes Dryer | Standard electric dryer; vented; CEF ≥ 3.93. | Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8. | Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8. |
Cost $/sf | $60.77 | $61.00 | $57.44 |
Incentive $/sf | $1.90 | $1.90 | $0.00 |
Net $/sf | $60.03 | $59.82 | $58.05 |
Permit / Certificate of Occupancy Requirements

High Rise Buildings

Code Path
- HERS: Brockton is a Stretch Code town. The buildings are 6-story Group R under 225 CMR 23, and the dwelling units comply by per-unit HERS under section C407.4. The all-electric Stretch ceiling is HERS ≤ 45 and the mixed-fuel Stretch ceiling is HERS ≤ 42 (Table C407.4, new construction column). Section C407.4.1 requires the building to meet ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction.
Permit Requirements
- HERS: With the building permit application, per 225 CMR 23 section C407.4.2.1: the proposed HERS Index on the title page and plans, the rater's name, the software name and version, all modeled inputs, and a certificate showing each dwelling unit type at or below the Table C407.4 ceiling for its fuel, with the component specifications behind it (insulation R-values and U-factors, assumed duct and envelope leakage, and heating, cooling, ventilation, and water-heating types and efficiencies), on the worst-case orientation where no site-specific report is produced. ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction design review by the rater is part of that package (C407.4.1).
Certificate of Occupancy Requirements
- HERS: Before certificate of occupancy, per 225 CMR 23 section C407.4.2.2: the final HERS Index on the title page and plans, a confirmed as-built HERS certificate for each rated unit with the duct and envelope air-leakage test results and the installed equipment efficiencies, and documentation that each unit meets ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction (item 7). C405.13 EV-ready and Appendix CB solar-ready compliance close out with it (item 9). A certified HERS rater verifies the package (C407.4.3). Air-leakage testing follows ANSI/RESNET/ICC 380, and RESNET sampling is permitted because each building has more than 8 units (C402.5.2.2).
Recommended Design
This section outlines the design requirements, product recommendations, and incentives for the design that we believe will be the most affordable path to meeting energy code.
Recommended Design - Incentives
Incentives Available: $0
- No MassSave Incentive On The Mixed-Fuel Path ($0) (Program Breakdown): Mass Save's multifamily new-construction incentive requires electric space heating. Gas water heating is allowed. Gas space heating is not, so a path that heats the apartments with a gas furnace or a gas boiler earns nothing here.
- IMPORTANT: There is no partial credit. The application is filed during design, and the heating fuel on that application is what the program reads.
HVAC Design Loads
Plymouth County, MA · heating 9.0°F/70.0°F · cooling 88.0°F/75.0°F · all values kBtuh
Design heat loss · components
Unit type | Walls & rim joists | Roof / ceiling | Slab, floors & below grade | Windows & doors | Infiltration | Ventilation | Design heat loss | Design heat loss at selection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Bedroom | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 8.6 @ 9°F | 9.1 @ 5°F |
2-Bedroom | 2.6 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 2.4 | 13.2 @ 9°F | 14.0 @ 5°F |
3-Bedroom | 3.8 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 15.8 @ 9°F | 16.8 @ 5°F |
Design heat gain · components
Unit type | Solar through glazing | Envelope conduction | Internal gains | Infiltration & ventilation | Latent | Total heat gain | Sensible heat ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Bedroom | 2.4 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 9.6 | 0.72 |
2-Bedroom | 3.4 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 13.0 | 0.71 |
3-Bedroom | 3.0 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 4.1 | 13.8 | 0.70 |
Selection
Unit type | Cooling Capacity | Minimum Heating Capacity |
|---|---|---|
1-Bedroom | 8.6 to 20.0 kBtuh rated | ≥ 9.1 kBtuh @ 5°F |
2-Bedroom | 11.7 to 20.0 kBtuh rated | ≥ 14.0 kBtuh @ 5°F |
3-Bedroom | 12.4 to 20.0 kBtuh rated | ≥ 16.8 kBtuh @ 5°F |
ENERGY STAR Total UA
Item | Detail |
|---|---|
Climate zone | IECC 5A (2021 IECC map) |
Program | ENERGY STAR MFNC National v1.2 Rev. 05 |
Rule | Design Review Item 2.1 / Fn 11-12; Proposed UA ≤ Reference UA |
Code reference | Exhibit 1 Table 1 (2021 IECC CZ); Design Review Item 2.1 / Fn 11-12 |
Version basis | v1.2 |
Note | Code minimum for this permit is v1.1; v1.2 used for v1.2. Confirm certification path matches the incentive or AHJ requirement. Reference wall U is 2021 IECC Table C402.1.4 Group R, wood framed and other (U-0.051 in this zone). v1.2 Table 2, ERI commercial option, uses that column for a 4-story-or-taller building. Footnote 12.i (U-0.064 in Climate Zone 5) applies only when the reference is the 2009 IECC commercial chapter, so it is not used on v1.2. Proposed U for walls, roof, windows, doors is the area-weighted Ekotrope assembly U. Any component without an Ekotrope U keeps the spec lookup. Proposed wall U 0.039 is the area-weighted Ekotrope assembly U (0.039). The v1.1 wood-framed-wall exception is the Reference U in this table (0.051), not a replacement for a better Ekotrope U. |
Assembly | Proposed spec |
|---|---|
Walls | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. |
Roof | Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation. |
Windows | High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30. |
Doors | Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0). |
Slab | N/A |
Envelope Takeoffs
Building | Opaque walls (sf) | Roof (sf) | Windows (sf) |
|---|---|---|---|
69 | 27,437 | 7,761 | 6,200 |
Component UA
Component | Quantity | Proposed U or F | Proposed UA | Reference U or F | Reference UA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opaque exterior walls | 27,437 sf | 0.039 | 1,079 | 0.051 | 1,399 |
Roof / ceiling | 7,761 sf | 0.019 | 150 | 0.024 | 186 |
Windows & glass doors | 6,200 sf | 0.250 | 1,550 | 0.270 | 1,674 |
Total UA
Building | Proposed UA | Reference UA | % of reference | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
69 | 2,779 | 3,260 | 85.3% | PASS |
Site total | 2,779 | 3,260 | 85.3% | PASS |
Recommended Design - Units
Item | Detailed Specifications |
|---|---|
Exterior Walls | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. (Product Rec). |
Below Grade Walls | N/A |
Corridor Walls | N/A |
Slab | N/A |
Floor Over Unconditioned Space | N/A |
Floor Over Garage | N/A |
Floor Over Podium | N/A |
Rim Joists | ≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions. |
Roof | Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation. |
Windows & Glass Doors | High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30. (Product Rec). |
Doors | Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0). |
Air Sealing | ≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. (Air Sealing Protocol) |
HVAC | Natural gas furnace (as modeled); AFUE ≥ 95; cooling by a separate system, cooling only; SEER2 ≥ 16. See HVAC Design Loads. (Product Rec). |
Ductwork | Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum. |
Duct Sealing | ≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final. (Duct Sealing Protocol) |
HVAC Grading | Fan Flow Test: Grade II |
Mechanical Ventilation | In-unit ERV (Product Rec). |
Local Mechanical Exhaust | Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones. |
Thermostats | Programmable thermostat (as modeled). |
DHW | Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal. (Product Rec). |
DHW Piping | Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3. |
Water Fixtures | WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM). |
Refrigerator | ≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric. |
Dishwasher | ≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric. (Product Rec). |
Clothes Washer | IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric. (Product Rec). |
Clothes Dryer | Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8. (Product Rec). |
Stove / Oven | Electric range. (Product Rec). |
Lighting | ≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED). |
Solar Ready | Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building. |
EV Ready | 20% of parking spaces EV-ready. |
HPWH Ready | N/A |
Paperwork & Modeling | ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report. |
Testing & Verification | ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing. |
Recommended Design - Common Areas
Item | Common Areas (Residential Building) |
|---|---|
Exterior Walls | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. |
Below Grade Walls | N/A |
Corridor Walls | N/A |
Slab | N/A |
Floor Over Unconditioned Space | N/A |
Floor Over Garage | N/A |
Floor Over Podium | N/A |
Rim Joists | ≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions. |
Roof | Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation. |
Windows & Glass Doors | Fixed U ≤ 0.34. |
Doors | Glazed entrance U ≤ 0.60. |
Air Sealing | Continuous air barrier for these spaces. |
HVAC | Gas furnace serving these spaces. |
Ductwork | Ducts and air handlers serving these spaces are in conditioned space. |
Duct Sealing | Supply, return, and exhaust ducts and plenums serving these spaces are sealed at transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations. |
HVAC Grading | N/A |
Mechanical Ventilation | Outdoor air to the community space and the hallways, at the ASHRAE 62.1 Section 6 rate for that space. |
Local Mechanical Exhaust | N/A |
Thermostats | Programmable thermostat. |
DHW | Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal. |
DHW Piping | N/A |
Water Fixtures | N/A |
Refrigerator | N/A |
Dishwasher | N/A |
Clothes Washer | N/A |
Clothes Dryer | N/A |
Stove / Oven | N/A |
Lighting | 100% LED. |
Lighting Controls | Occupant sensors in the community space, hallways, and basement storage. |
Solar Ready | Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building. |
EV Ready | 20% of parking spaces EV-ready. |
HPWH Ready | N/A |
Electric Readiness | N/A |
Vestibules | N/A |
Efficiency Credits | N/A |
Paperwork & Modeling | HERS index certificate at permit and at certificate of occupancy. |
Testing & Verification | Hallways, stairwells, and enclosed common spaces not greater than 1,500 sqft verified by inspection of the continuous air barrier. |
Assembly Moisture Check
This section shows which air and vapor barriers are needed, and why.
Inputs
Item | Value |
|---|---|
Climate zone | 5A |
Indoor air | 70 F, 35% RH |
Dewpoint of that indoor air | 41 F |
Outdoor air | 9 F |
Code | 2021 IBC Section 1404.3, Table 1404.3(2) |
Exterior Walls
# | Layer (inside to outside) | R | Running R | Temp | Dewpoint target | Vs dewpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Drywall | 1.13 | 1.13 | 67.8 F | 41 F | OK |
2 | Class II vapor retarder | 0.00 | 1.13 | 67.8 F | 41 F | OK |
3 | R-23 cavity insulation with 2x6 wood studs | 23.00 | 24.13 | 22.4 F | 41 F | First below dewpoint |
4 | Wood sheathing | 0.62 | 24.75 | 21.2 F | 41 F | Below dewpoint |
5 | Air barrier | 0.00 | 24.75 | 21.2 F | 41 F | Below dewpoint |
6 | R-6 continuous insulation | 6.00 | 30.75 | 9.3 F | 41 F | Below dewpoint |
7 | Siding / cladding | 0.17 | 30.92 | 9.0 F | 41 F | Below dewpoint |
Conclusion: Layer 3 is the first row below dewpoint. It is the cold plane we protect. Indoor moisture can turn to water if it gets there, and can eventually cause mold. It can get there two ways. It gets there through the drywall, which is why the vapor retarder is on the inside of the wall. It also gets there through holes (outlets, gaps, plates), which is why the air barrier is on the sheathing. Same at the rim. Keep the R-6 going over the band.
Roof (sealed attic)
# | Layer (inside to outside) | R | Running R | Temp | Dewpoint target | Vs dewpoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Gypsum ceiling | 1.13 | 1.13 | 68.6 F | 41 F | OK |
2 | Air barrier | 0.00 | 1.13 | 68.6 F | 41 F | OK |
3 | R-19 at the underside of the deck | 19.00 | 20.13 | 45.9 F | 41 F | OK |
4 | Roof deck | 0.62 | 20.75 | 45.1 F | 41 F | OK |
5 | R-30 continuous insulation | 30.00 | 50.75 | 9.2 F | 41 F | First below dewpoint |
6 | Roofing | 0.17 | 50.92 | 9.0 F | 41 F | Below dewpoint |
Conclusion: Layer 5 is the first row below dewpoint. It is the cold plane we protect. Indoor moisture can turn to water if it gets there, and can eventually cause mold. It can get there through the insulation strapped under the deck, which is why the air barrier is the sealed gypsum on the room side of that insulation. The layer on the deck does not satisfy this.
Exterior Walls (Recommended Design)

Roof (sealed attic) (Recommended Design)

Rim Joists (Recommended Design)

Path Comparison
This section shows the detailed requirements and incentives for each path we compared, basically showing our work of how we determined the recommended path is the most affordable way of meeting energy code compliance.
Path Comparison - Incentives
CURRENT / ELECTRIC: $71,750 - $133,250
- MassSave Multifamily High Rise Program Energy Star Tier ($71,750) (Program Breakdown): You get this rebate for having your building(s) certified for the Energy Star MFNC v1.2 program. This requires pre-approval via an application to be submitted before construction starts. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
- DOER Alternative Energy Credits ($0 - $61,500) (Program Breakdown): This rebate is received for installing APS eligible air source heat pumps (click here for the list). There is an extensive process to get this incentive. It comes in the form of a check approximately 6-12 months after the heat pumps are installed and fully operational.
- IMPORTANT: Although an estimate is provided, this incentive can vary widely typically between $300-1,500 per heat pump. It's based on expected kWh usage of the system as well as the market value of the alternative energy credits when sold.
- Risks: Massachusetts is rewriting this program right now. The House bill would stop the state from accepting new applications on January 1, 2028, the Senate version leaves heat pumps out of that cutoff, and the two are in conference. The application needs the equipment installed and operating, so a project that will not reach that point before the deadline should treat this as upside rather than a budgeted line.
GAS-HEAT: $0
- No MassSave Incentive On The Mixed-Fuel Path ($0) (Program Breakdown): Mass Save's multifamily new-construction incentive requires electric space heating. Gas water heating is allowed. Gas space heating is not, so a path that heats the apartments with a gas furnace or a gas boiler earns nothing here.
Path Comparison - Net Cost Summary
Path | Total Cost $/sf | Total Incentives $/sf | Net $/sf | OpEx Factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
GAS-HEAT | $57.44 | $0.00 | $58.05 | 1.01 |
CURRENT | $61.00 | $1.90 | $59.82 | 1.01 |
ELECTRIC | $60.77 | $1.90 | $60.03 | 1.02 |
Path Comparison - Envelope
Item | Path | Detailed Specifications | Cost $/sf | Incentive $/sf | Net $/sf | OpEx |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exterior Walls | CURRENT | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. | $7.02 | $0.00 | $7.02 | 0.90 |
ELECTRIC | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation. | $5.56 | $0.00 | $5.56 | 0.95 | |
GAS-HEAT | ≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. | $7.02 | $0.00 | $7.02 | 0.90 | |
Below Grade Walls | CURRENT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
Corridor Walls | CURRENT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
Slab | CURRENT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
Floor Over Unconditioned Space | CURRENT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
Floor Over Garage | CURRENT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
Floor Over Podium | CURRENT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
Rim Joists | CURRENT | ≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions. | $0.20 | $0.00 | $0.20 | 0.95 |
ELECTRIC | ≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions. | $0.20 | $0.00 | $0.20 | 0.95 | |
GAS-HEAT | ≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions. | $0.20 | $0.00 | $0.20 | 0.95 | |
Roof | CURRENT | Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation. | $2.79 | $0.00 | $2.79 | 1.10 |
ELECTRIC | Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation. | $2.79 | $0.00 | $2.79 | 1.10 | |
GAS-HEAT | Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation. | $2.79 | $0.00 | $2.79 | 1.10 | |
Windows & Glass Doors | CURRENT | High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30. | $9.49 | $0.00 | $9.49 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30. | $9.49 | $0.00 | $9.49 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30. | $9.49 | $0.00 | $9.49 | 1.00 | |
Doors | CURRENT | Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0). | $0.35 | $0.00 | $0.35 | 0.95 |
ELECTRIC | Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0). | $0.35 | $0.00 | $0.35 | 0.95 | |
GAS-HEAT | Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0). | $0.35 | $0.00 | $0.35 | 0.95 | |
Air Sealing | CURRENT | ≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. | $1.40 | $0.00 | $1.40 | 0.95 |
ELECTRIC | ≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. | $1.29 | $0.00 | $1.29 | 0.95 | |
GAS-HEAT | ≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. | $1.40 | $0.00 | $1.40 | 0.95 |
Path Comparison - Mechanical
Item | Path | Detailed Specifications | Cost $/sf | Incentive $/sf | Net $/sf | OpEx |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HVAC | CURRENT | Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads. | $16.04 | $0.00 | $16.04 | 1.15 |
ELECTRIC | Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads. | $16.04 | $0.00 | $16.04 | 1.15 | |
GAS-HEAT | Natural gas furnace (as modeled); AFUE ≥ 95; cooling by a separate system, cooling only; SEER2 ≥ 16. See HVAC Design Loads. | $12.53 | $0.00 | $12.53 | 1.10 | |
Ductwork | CURRENT | Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum. | $5.18 | $0.00 | $5.18 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum. | $5.18 | $0.00 | $5.18 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum. | $5.18 | $0.00 | $5.18 | 1.00 | |
Duct Sealing | CURRENT | ≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final. | $0.89 | $0.00 | $0.89 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | ≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final. | $0.89 | $0.00 | $0.89 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | ≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final. | $0.89 | $0.00 | $0.89 | 1.00 | |
HVAC Grading | CURRENT | Fan Flow Test: Grade II | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | Fan Flow Test: Grade II | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | Fan Flow Test: Grade II | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
Mechanical Ventilation | CURRENT | In-unit ERV | $2.37 | $0.00 | $2.37 | 1.20 |
ELECTRIC | In-unit ERV | $2.37 | $0.00 | $2.37 | 1.20 | |
GAS-HEAT | In-unit ERV | $2.37 | $0.00 | $2.37 | 1.20 | |
Local Mechanical Exhaust | CURRENT | Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones. | $1.26 | $0.00 | $1.26 | 1.05 |
ELECTRIC | Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones. | $1.26 | $0.00 | $1.26 | 1.05 | |
GAS-HEAT | Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones. | $1.26 | $0.00 | $1.26 | 1.05 | |
Thermostats | CURRENT | Programmable thermostat (as modeled). | $0.15 | $0.00 | $0.15 | 1.05 |
ELECTRIC | Programmable thermostat (as modeled). | $0.15 | $0.00 | $0.15 | 1.05 | |
GAS-HEAT | Programmable thermostat (as modeled). | $0.15 | $0.00 | $0.15 | 1.05 |
Path Comparison - Plumbing & Appliances
Item | Path | Detailed Specifications | Cost $/sf | Incentive $/sf | Net $/sf | OpEx |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHW | CURRENT | Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal. | $1.21 | $0.00 | $1.21 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | 1-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal | $3.35 | $0.00 | $3.35 | 1.20 | |
GAS-HEAT | Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal. | $1.21 | $0.00 | $1.21 | 1.00 | |
DHW Piping | CURRENT | Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3. | $0.89 | $0.00 | $0.89 | 0.95 |
ELECTRIC | Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3. | $0.89 | $0.00 | $0.89 | 0.95 | |
GAS-HEAT | Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3. | $0.89 | $0.00 | $0.89 | 0.95 | |
Water Fixtures | CURRENT | WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM). | $2.22 | $0.00 | $2.22 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM). | $2.22 | $0.00 | $2.22 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM). | $2.22 | $0.00 | $2.22 | 1.00 | |
Refrigerator | CURRENT | ≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.94 | $0.00 | $0.94 | 1.10 |
ELECTRIC | ≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.94 | $0.00 | $0.94 | 1.10 | |
GAS-HEAT | ≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.94 | $0.00 | $0.94 | 1.10 | |
Dishwasher | CURRENT | ≤ 240 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.57 | $0.00 | $0.57 | 1.10 |
ELECTRIC | ≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.52 | $0.00 | $0.52 | 1.10 | |
GAS-HEAT | ≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.52 | $0.00 | $0.52 | 1.10 | |
Clothes Washer | CURRENT | IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.63 | $0.00 | $0.63 | 1.10 |
ELECTRIC | IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.63 | $0.00 | $0.63 | 1.10 | |
GAS-HEAT | IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric. | $0.63 | $0.00 | $0.63 | 1.10 | |
Clothes Dryer | CURRENT | Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8. | $1.42 | $0.00 | $1.42 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | Standard electric dryer; vented; CEF ≥ 3.93. | $0.67 | $0.00 | $0.67 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8. | $1.42 | $0.00 | $1.42 | 1.00 | |
Stove / Oven | CURRENT | Electric range. | $0.71 | $0.00 | $0.71 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | Electric range. | $0.71 | $0.00 | $0.71 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | Electric range. | $0.71 | $0.00 | $0.71 | 1.00 |
Path Comparison - Electrical
Item | Path | Detailed Specifications | Cost $/sf | Incentive $/sf | Net $/sf | OpEx |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lighting | CURRENT | ≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED). | $4.00 | $0.00 | $4.00 | 0.85 |
ELECTRIC | ≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED). | $4.00 | $0.00 | $4.00 | 0.85 | |
GAS-HEAT | ≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED). | $4.00 | $0.00 | $4.00 | 0.85 | |
Solar Ready | CURRENT | Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building. | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building. | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building. | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
EV Ready | CURRENT | 20% of parking spaces EV-ready. | $0.46 | $0.00 | $0.46 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | 20% of parking spaces EV-ready. | $0.46 | $0.00 | $0.46 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | 20% of parking spaces EV-ready. | $0.46 | $0.00 | $0.46 | 1.00 | |
HPWH Ready | CURRENT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | N/A | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | 1.00 |
Path Comparison - Soft Costs & Whole-Building Incentives
Item | Path | Detailed Specifications | Cost $/sf | Incentive $/sf | Net $/sf | OpEx |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paperwork & Modeling | CURRENT | ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report. | $0.24 | $1.90 | -$1.66 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report. | $0.24 | $1.90 | -$1.66 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report. | $0.24 | $0.00 | $0.24 | 1.00 | |
Testing & Verification | CURRENT | ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing. | $0.57 | $0.00 | $0.57 | 1.00 |
ELECTRIC | ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing. | $0.57 | $0.00 | $0.57 | 1.00 | |
GAS-HEAT | ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing. | $0.57 | $0.00 | $0.57 | 1.00 |
Additional Design Considerations Not Represented In This Study
- Smaller Heat Pumps on the CURRENT and ELECTRIC Units: A smaller heat pump sized to the cooling load was not used on the CURRENT three-bedroom or the ELECTRIC two- and three-bedroom units, because heating at 5F set the size. Those three stay single-stage ducted heat pumps at 24 kBtuh. ENERGY STAR MFNC holds a single-stage unit to 130 percent of the cooling load, or to 20 kBtuh when the cooling load is 15 kBtuh or less. The CURRENT three-bedroom is 173.9 percent of its 13.8 kBtuh cooling load, the ELECTRIC two-bedroom is 176.5 percent of its 13.6 kBtuh load, and the ELECTRIC three-bedroom is 165.5 percent of its 14.5 kBtuh load. Each of those cooling loads is 15 kBtuh or less, so the 20 kBtuh allowance applies, and 24 kBtuh sits above it. The same units deliver 21.1 kBtuh of heat at 5F, against a 5F heat loss of 17.0 kBtuh on the CURRENT three-bedroom, 15.9 kBtuh on the ELECTRIC two-bedroom, and 19.1 kBtuh on the ELECTRIC three-bedroom. An 18 kBtuh unit would deliver 15.8 kBtuh at 5F, short of each of those losses. A two-stage or variable-speed unit at the same 24 kBtuh may go to 25 kBtuh when the cooling load is 18 kBtuh or less, which would clear all three, and that equipment is not in this study. The CURRENT one- and two-bedroom units pass at 12 kBtuh and 18 kBtuh, and the ELECTRIC one-bedroom passes at 12 kBtuh. GAS-HEAT passes both the cooling and heating sizing gates with a separate cooling system at 9 kBtuh, 12 kBtuh, and 15 kBtuh.
- Triple-Pane Windows: Triple-pane glazing was considered and not used. Every path specifies windows at a U-factor of 0.25 or better and an SHGC of 0.25 to 0.30. Triple-pane glass would post a lower U-factor, and it is not in the model.