CS87 Energy Code Feasibility Study in Brockton, Massachusetts

Energy code feasibility study for a 41-unit high-rise in Massachusetts. Compares multiple design paths. Recommended: GAS-HEAT (Mixed-Fuel). View full study.

Study Type
Energy Code Feasibility Study
State
Massachusetts
Units
41
Building Type
high-rise
Fuel Type
Mixed Fuel
Recommended Path
GAS-HEAT (Mixed-Fuel)

Goal

To find the most cost-effective compliance path, this report isolates energy code related costs from total construction. We use real bid data from vendors & clients to create a reliable framework for aligning incentives and design, with all recommendations confirmed by detailed energy modeling.

Project

  • Brockton, MA 02301
  • 1 Building | 41 Units | 37,782 SF Conditioned
  • New Construction | 6-story high-rise multifamily (x1)
  • All-Electric OR Mixed Fuel | 2021 IECC with MA Amendments (Stretch Code) | HERS ≤ 45 (All-Electric) OR HERS ≤ 42 (Mixed Fuel) | ENERGY STAR MFNC v1.2

Overview

Read This: This report compares different ways you can build the project and meet energy code, looking at both cost and incentives, with the ultimate goal as finding the most affordable path.

  • The overview outlines the key differences between each of the paths we show in this report and why we recommend the one we picked over the others.
  • The recommended design section is where we share the requirements and incentives for the path we think is best based on affordability.
  • The path comparison section shows the detailed requirements and incentives for each path we compared, basically showing our work if you want to dig in.

Product Recs: All product recommendations are recommendations only and can be substituted with any equivalent or better match.

Path Summaries

All three paths meet the Massachusetts Stretch Code and are modeled to pass on a lean margin, so the choice between them is a matter of cost and constructability rather than compliance.

GAS-HEAT (Mixed-Fuel): Recommended

This is the least expensive path at approximately $58.05/sf net, and it is the most labor-intensive of the three to build. Mixed-fuel heating gives up the $71,750 Mass Save ENERGY STAR multifamily high-rise incentive ($1,750 per unit) and runs against the direction Massachusetts energy code is heading, so the case for this path is first cost. The wall air barrier sits on the sheathing and the roof air barrier sits on the room side of the strapped insulation.

CURRENT (Mixed-Fuel): Alternative (Keeps the Incentive)

This is a strong alternative at approximately $59.82/sf net, about $2/sf more than the GAS-HEAT path, and it keeps the $71,750 Mass Save incentive the recommended path gives up. Electric heat with gas water heating holds that incentive without an all-electric building. Choose this path when keeping the incentive matters more than the lowest first cost.

ELECTRIC (All-Electric): Alternative (Builder-Friendly)

At approximately $60.03/sf net, this path costs about $2/sf more than the GAS-HEAT path, and it is the most builder-friendly of the three. It keeps the project fully electric, which preserves that same incentive and aligns with the direction Massachusetts energy code is heading. Choose this path when construction speed and a simpler build matter more than first cost.

What Changes Between Paths

Item

ELECTRIC

CURRENT

GAS-HEAT (Recommended)

Exterior Walls

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation.

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation.

Air Sealing

≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested.

≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested.

≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested.

HVAC

Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads.

Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads.

Natural gas furnace (as modeled); AFUE ≥ 95; cooling by a separate system, cooling only; SEER2 ≥ 16. See HVAC Design Loads.

DHW

1-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal
2-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 50 gal
3-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 65 gal

Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal.

Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal.

Dishwasher

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric.

≤ 240 kWh/yr; electric.

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric.

Clothes Dryer

Standard electric dryer; vented; CEF ≥ 3.93.

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8.

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8.

Cost $/sf

$60.77

$61.00

$57.44

Incentive $/sf

$1.90

$1.90

$0.00

Net $/sf

$60.03

$59.82

$58.05

Permit / Certificate of Occupancy Requirements

Permit / Certificate of Occupancy Requirements

High Rise Buildings

High Rise Buildings

Code Path

  • HERS: Brockton is a Stretch Code town. The buildings are 6-story Group R under 225 CMR 23, and the dwelling units comply by per-unit HERS under section C407.4. The all-electric Stretch ceiling is HERS ≤ 45 and the mixed-fuel Stretch ceiling is HERS ≤ 42 (Table C407.4, new construction column). Section C407.4.1 requires the building to meet ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction.

Permit Requirements

  • HERS: With the building permit application, per 225 CMR 23 section C407.4.2.1: the proposed HERS Index on the title page and plans, the rater's name, the software name and version, all modeled inputs, and a certificate showing each dwelling unit type at or below the Table C407.4 ceiling for its fuel, with the component specifications behind it (insulation R-values and U-factors, assumed duct and envelope leakage, and heating, cooling, ventilation, and water-heating types and efficiencies), on the worst-case orientation where no site-specific report is produced. ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction design review by the rater is part of that package (C407.4.1).

Certificate of Occupancy Requirements

  • HERS: Before certificate of occupancy, per 225 CMR 23 section C407.4.2.2: the final HERS Index on the title page and plans, a confirmed as-built HERS certificate for each rated unit with the duct and envelope air-leakage test results and the installed equipment efficiencies, and documentation that each unit meets ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction (item 7). C405.13 EV-ready and Appendix CB solar-ready compliance close out with it (item 9). A certified HERS rater verifies the package (C407.4.3). Air-leakage testing follows ANSI/RESNET/ICC 380, and RESNET sampling is permitted because each building has more than 8 units (C402.5.2.2).

Recommended Design

This section outlines the design requirements, product recommendations, and incentives for the design that we believe will be the most affordable path to meeting energy code.

Recommended Design - Incentives

Incentives Available: $0

  • No MassSave Incentive On The Mixed-Fuel Path ($0) (Program Breakdown): Mass Save's multifamily new-construction incentive requires electric space heating. Gas water heating is allowed. Gas space heating is not, so a path that heats the apartments with a gas furnace or a gas boiler earns nothing here.
    • IMPORTANT: There is no partial credit. The application is filed during design, and the heating fuel on that application is what the program reads.

HVAC Design Loads

Plymouth County, MA · heating 9.0°F/70.0°F · cooling 88.0°F/75.0°F · all values kBtuh

Design heat loss · components

Unit type

Walls & rim joists

Roof / ceiling

Slab, floors & below grade

Windows & doors

Infiltration

Ventilation

Design heat loss

Design heat loss at selection

1-Bedroom

1.0

0.9

0.0

2.0

2.8

1.8

8.6 @ 9°F

9.1 @ 5°F

2-Bedroom

2.6

0.7

0.0

3.2

4.2

2.4

13.2 @ 9°F

14.0 @ 5°F

3-Bedroom

3.8

0.9

0.0

3.9

4.8

2.4

15.8 @ 9°F

16.8 @ 5°F

Design heat gain · components

Unit type

Solar through glazing

Envelope conduction

Internal gains

Infiltration & ventilation

Latent

Total heat gain

Sensible heat ratio

1-Bedroom

2.4

0.9

2.1

1.6

2.7

9.6

0.72

2-Bedroom

3.4

1.5

2.3

2.1

3.7

13.0

0.71

3-Bedroom

3.0

1.9

2.5

2.3

4.1

13.8

0.70

Selection

Unit type

Cooling Capacity

Minimum Heating Capacity

1-Bedroom

8.6 to 20.0 kBtuh rated

≥ 9.1 kBtuh @ 5°F

2-Bedroom

11.7 to 20.0 kBtuh rated

≥ 14.0 kBtuh @ 5°F

3-Bedroom

12.4 to 20.0 kBtuh rated

≥ 16.8 kBtuh @ 5°F

ENERGY STAR Total UA

Item

Detail

Climate zone

IECC 5A (2021 IECC map)

Program

ENERGY STAR MFNC National v1.2 Rev. 05

Rule

Design Review Item 2.1 / Fn 11-12; Proposed UA ≤ Reference UA

Code reference

Exhibit 1 Table 1 (2021 IECC CZ); Design Review Item 2.1 / Fn 11-12

Version basis

v1.2

Note

Code minimum for this permit is v1.1; v1.2 used for v1.2. Confirm certification path matches the incentive or AHJ requirement. Reference wall U is 2021 IECC Table C402.1.4 Group R, wood framed and other (U-0.051 in this zone). v1.2 Table 2, ERI commercial option, uses that column for a 4-story-or-taller building. Footnote 12.i (U-0.064 in Climate Zone 5) applies only when the reference is the 2009 IECC commercial chapter, so it is not used on v1.2. Proposed U for walls, roof, windows, doors is the area-weighted Ekotrope assembly U. Any component without an Ekotrope U keeps the spec lookup. Proposed wall U 0.039 is the area-weighted Ekotrope assembly U (0.039). The v1.1 wood-framed-wall exception is the Reference U in this table (0.051), not a replacement for a better Ekotrope U.

Assembly

Proposed spec

Walls

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation.

Roof

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Windows

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30.

Doors

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

Slab

N/A

Envelope Takeoffs

Building

Opaque walls (sf)

Roof (sf)

Windows (sf)

69

27,437

7,761

6,200

Component UA

Component

Quantity

Proposed U or F

Proposed UA

Reference U or F

Reference UA

Opaque exterior walls

27,437 sf

0.039

1,079

0.051

1,399

Roof / ceiling

7,761 sf

0.019

150

0.024

186

Windows & glass doors

6,200 sf

0.250

1,550

0.270

1,674

Total UA

Building

Proposed UA

Reference UA

% of reference

Result

69

2,779

3,260

85.3%

PASS

Site total

2,779

3,260

85.3%

PASS

Recommended Design - Units

Item

Detailed Specifications

Exterior Walls

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation. (Product Rec).

Below Grade Walls

N/A

Corridor Walls

N/A

Slab

N/A

Floor Over Unconditioned Space

N/A

Floor Over Garage

N/A

Floor Over Podium

N/A

Rim Joists

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

Roof

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Windows & Glass Doors

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30. (Product Rec).

Doors

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

Air Sealing

≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested. (Air Sealing Protocol)

HVAC

Natural gas furnace (as modeled); AFUE ≥ 95; cooling by a separate system, cooling only; SEER2 ≥ 16. See HVAC Design Loads. (Product Rec).

Ductwork

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

Duct Sealing

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final. (Duct Sealing Protocol)

HVAC Grading

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

Mechanical Ventilation

In-unit ERV (Product Rec).
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

Local Mechanical Exhaust

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement.

Thermostats

Programmable thermostat (as modeled).

DHW

Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal. (Product Rec).

DHW Piping

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

Water Fixtures

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

Refrigerator

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric.

Dishwasher

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric. (Product Rec).

Clothes Washer

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric. (Product Rec).

Clothes Dryer

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8. (Product Rec).

Stove / Oven

Electric range. (Product Rec).

Lighting

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

Solar Ready

Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building.

EV Ready

20% of parking spaces EV-ready.
40-amp dedicated branch circuit, or a larger branch circuit with automatic load management.
Wiring suitable for 6.6 kW or higher Level II EVSE, run to within 6 feet of the space.
One Level II space may be replaced by three Level I spaces wired for 20-amp, 120-volt EVSE.
225 CMR 23 C405.13 and Table C405.13

HPWH Ready

N/A

Paperwork & Modeling

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

Testing & Verification

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

Recommended Design - Common Areas

Item

Common Areas (Residential Building)

Exterior Walls

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation.

Below Grade Walls

N/A

Corridor Walls

N/A

Slab

N/A

Floor Over Unconditioned Space

N/A

Floor Over Garage

N/A

Floor Over Podium

N/A

Rim Joists

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

Roof

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

Windows & Glass Doors

Fixed U ≤ 0.34.
Operable U ≤ 0.43.
SHGC ≤ 0.40.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Multifamily Reference Design, common-space windows, climate zone 5.

Doors

Glazed entrance U ≤ 0.60.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Multifamily Reference Design, common-space glazed entrance doors, climate zone 5.

Air Sealing

Continuous air barrier for these spaces.
Hallways, stairwells, and enclosed common spaces not greater than 1,500 sqft, verified by inspection.
225 CMR 23 C402.5.2.2

HVAC

Gas furnace serving these spaces.
Under 225,000 Btu/h: AFUE ≥ 90.
225,000 Btu/h or larger: 81% Et.
Ducted split cooling: SEER2 ≥ 13.3.
Ductless cooling: SEER2 ≥ 14.
Single packaged cooling: 5 percent better than ASHRAE 90.1-2019.
Electric resistance heat, where used, is not more than 12 kBtuh per enclosed space and has automatic thermostatic controls.
ENERGY STAR MFNC National Program Requirements, Exhibit 1, Tables 1 and 2.

Ductwork

Ducts and air handlers serving these spaces are in conditioned space.
A supply or return duct outside conditioned space is insulated to at least R-6.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Exhibit 1; HVAC Design Supplement for Common Spaces, Item 5.3.

Duct Sealing

Supply, return, and exhaust ducts and plenums serving these spaces are sealed at transverse joints, longitudinal seams, and duct wall penetrations.
ENERGY STAR MFNC HVAC Design Supplement for Common Spaces, Item 5.4.

HVAC Grading

N/A

Mechanical Ventilation

Outdoor air to the community space and the hallways, at the ASHRAE 62.1 Section 6 rate for that space.
The design rate is not more than 50 percent above the ASHRAE 62.1-2013 minimum.
The system runs automatically.
ENERGY STAR MFNC HVAC Design Supplement for Common Spaces, Items 2.1 and 2.12.

Local Mechanical Exhaust

N/A

Thermostats

Programmable thermostat.
ENERGY STAR MFNC Multifamily Reference Design, Exhibit 1.

DHW

Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal.

DHW Piping

N/A

Water Fixtures

N/A

Refrigerator

N/A

Dishwasher

N/A

Clothes Washer

N/A

Clothes Dryer

N/A

Stove / Oven

N/A

Lighting

100% LED.
Community space 0.59 W/sqft.
Hallways 0.41 W/sqft.
Basement storage 0.38 W/sqft.
Maintenance and electrical rooms 0.43 W/sqft.
IECC 2021 Table C405.3.2(2)

Lighting Controls

Occupant sensors in the community space, hallways, and basement storage.
Hallway sensors reduce lighting to not more than 50 percent of full power within 20 minutes after the corridor is empty.
Interior exit stairways are exempt from lighting controls.
Daylight-responsive controls where general lighting exceeds 100 W in a primary sidelit zone, 300 W in a sidelit zone, or 100 W in a toplit zone.
IECC 2021 C405.2.1.4
225 CMR 23 C405.2.4

Solar Ready

Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building.

EV Ready

20% of parking spaces EV-ready.
40-amp dedicated branch circuit, or a larger branch circuit with automatic load management.
Wiring suitable for 6.6 kW or higher Level II EVSE, run to within 6 feet of the space.
One Level II space may be replaced by three Level I spaces wired for 20-amp, 120-volt EVSE.
225 CMR 23 C405.13 and Table C405.13

HPWH Ready

N/A

Electric Readiness

N/A

Vestibules

N/A

Efficiency Credits

N/A

Paperwork & Modeling

HERS index certificate at permit and at certificate of occupancy.
ENERGY STAR Multifamily New Construction workbook, design-review checklist, field checklist, and common-space HVAC supplement.
EV-ready space locations, wiring diagram, and load calculations.
225 CMR 23 C407.4.2 and C405.13.2

Testing & Verification

Hallways, stairwells, and enclosed common spaces not greater than 1,500 sqft verified by inspection of the continuous air barrier.
Common-space outdoor airflow measured.
HVAC functional testing of common-space and central systems.
Lighting controls tested.
225 CMR 23 C402.5.2.2 and C408
ENERGY STAR MFNC HVAC Functional Testing Checklist

Assembly Moisture Check

This section shows which air and vapor barriers are needed, and why.

Inputs

Item

Value

Climate zone

5A

Indoor air

70 F, 35% RH

Dewpoint of that indoor air

41 F

Outdoor air

9 F

Code

2021 IBC Section 1404.3, Table 1404.3(2)

Exterior Walls

#

Layer (inside to outside)

R

Running R

Temp

Dewpoint target

Vs dewpoint

1

Drywall

1.13

1.13

67.8 F

41 F

OK

2

Class II vapor retarder

0.00

1.13

67.8 F

41 F

OK

3

R-23 cavity insulation with 2x6 wood studs

23.00

24.13

22.4 F

41 F

First below dewpoint

4

Wood sheathing

0.62

24.75

21.2 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

5

Air barrier

0.00

24.75

21.2 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

6

R-6 continuous insulation

6.00

30.75

9.3 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

7

Siding / cladding

0.17

30.92

9.0 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

Conclusion: Layer 3 is the first row below dewpoint. It is the cold plane we protect. Indoor moisture can turn to water if it gets there, and can eventually cause mold. It can get there two ways. It gets there through the drywall, which is why the vapor retarder is on the inside of the wall. It also gets there through holes (outlets, gaps, plates), which is why the air barrier is on the sheathing. Same at the rim. Keep the R-6 going over the band.

Roof (sealed attic)

#

Layer (inside to outside)

R

Running R

Temp

Dewpoint target

Vs dewpoint

1

Gypsum ceiling

1.13

1.13

68.6 F

41 F

OK

2

Air barrier

0.00

1.13

68.6 F

41 F

OK

3

R-19 at the underside of the deck

19.00

20.13

45.9 F

41 F

OK

4

Roof deck

0.62

20.75

45.1 F

41 F

OK

5

R-30 continuous insulation

30.00

50.75

9.2 F

41 F

First below dewpoint

6

Roofing

0.17

50.92

9.0 F

41 F

Below dewpoint

Conclusion: Layer 5 is the first row below dewpoint. It is the cold plane we protect. Indoor moisture can turn to water if it gets there, and can eventually cause mold. It can get there through the insulation strapped under the deck, which is why the air barrier is the sealed gypsum on the room side of that insulation. The layer on the deck does not satisfy this.

Exterior Walls (Recommended Design)

Exterior Walls (Recommended Design)

Roof (sealed attic) (Recommended Design)

Roof (sealed attic) (Recommended Design)

Rim Joists (Recommended Design)

Rim Joists (Recommended Design)

Path Comparison

This section shows the detailed requirements and incentives for each path we compared, basically showing our work of how we determined the recommended path is the most affordable way of meeting energy code compliance.

Path Comparison - Incentives

CURRENT / ELECTRIC: $71,750 - $133,250

  • MassSave Multifamily High Rise Program Energy Star Tier ($71,750) (Program Breakdown): You get this rebate for having your building(s) certified for the Energy Star MFNC v1.2 program. This requires pre-approval via an application to be submitted before construction starts. This rebate comes in the form of a check within 4 months of certification documentation being provided to MassSave, typically this is 4 months after construction is complete.
  • DOER Alternative Energy Credits ($0 - $61,500) (Program Breakdown): This rebate is received for installing APS eligible air source heat pumps (click here for the list). There is an extensive process to get this incentive. It comes in the form of a check approximately 6-12 months after the heat pumps are installed and fully operational.
    • IMPORTANT: Although an estimate is provided, this incentive can vary widely typically between $300-1,500 per heat pump. It's based on expected kWh usage of the system as well as the market value of the alternative energy credits when sold.
    • Risks: Massachusetts is rewriting this program right now. The House bill would stop the state from accepting new applications on January 1, 2028, the Senate version leaves heat pumps out of that cutoff, and the two are in conference. The application needs the equipment installed and operating, so a project that will not reach that point before the deadline should treat this as upside rather than a budgeted line.

GAS-HEAT: $0

  • No MassSave Incentive On The Mixed-Fuel Path ($0) (Program Breakdown): Mass Save's multifamily new-construction incentive requires electric space heating. Gas water heating is allowed. Gas space heating is not, so a path that heats the apartments with a gas furnace or a gas boiler earns nothing here.

Path Comparison - Net Cost Summary

Path

Total Cost $/sf

Total Incentives $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx Factor

GAS-HEAT

$57.44

$0.00

$58.05

1.01

CURRENT

$61.00

$1.90

$59.82

1.01

ELECTRIC

$60.77

$1.90

$60.03

1.02

Path Comparison - Envelope

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

Exterior Walls

CURRENT

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation.

$7.02

$0.00

$7.02

0.90

ELECTRIC

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.), no continuous insulation.

$5.56

$0.00

$5.56

0.95

GAS-HEAT

≥ R-23 cavity insulation (2x6 @ 16" o.c.) with ≥ R-6 continuous exterior insulation.

$7.02

$0.00

$7.02

0.90

Below Grade Walls

CURRENT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Corridor Walls

CURRENT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Slab

CURRENT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Floor Over Unconditioned Space

CURRENT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Floor Over Garage

CURRENT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Floor Over Podium

CURRENT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Rim Joists

CURRENT

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

$0.20

$0.00

$0.20

0.95

ELECTRIC

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

$0.20

$0.00

$0.20

0.95

GAS-HEAT

≥ R-21 rim/band insulation at floor transitions.

$0.20

$0.00

$0.20

0.95

Roof

CURRENT

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

$2.79

$0.00

$2.79

1.10

ELECTRIC

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

$2.79

$0.00

$2.79

1.10

GAS-HEAT

Sealed attic: ≥ R-19 insulation + ≥ R-30 continuous insulation.

$2.79

$0.00

$2.79

1.10

Windows & Glass Doors

CURRENT

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30.

$9.49

$0.00

$9.49

1.00

ELECTRIC

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30.

$9.49

$0.00

$9.49

1.00

GAS-HEAT

High performance, U ≤ 0.25 / SHGC 0.25-0.30.

$9.49

$0.00

$9.49

1.00

Doors

CURRENT

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

$0.35

$0.00

$0.35

0.95

ELECTRIC

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

$0.35

$0.00

$0.35

0.95

GAS-HEAT

Opaque door, U ≤ 0.20 (R-5.0).

$0.35

$0.00

$0.35

0.95

Air Sealing

CURRENT

≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested.

$1.40

$0.00

$1.40

0.95

ELECTRIC

≤ 0.27 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested.

$1.29

$0.00

$1.29

0.95

GAS-HEAT

≤ 0.23 CFM50 per sqft of enclosure (compartmentalization); tested.

$1.40

$0.00

$1.40

0.95

Path Comparison - Mechanical

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

HVAC

CURRENT

Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads.

$16.04

$0.00

$16.04

1.15

ELECTRIC

Ducted air-source heat pump (as modeled); SEER2 ≥ 17.5; HSPF2 ≥ 10.5. See HVAC Design Loads.

$16.04

$0.00

$16.04

1.15

GAS-HEAT

Natural gas furnace (as modeled); AFUE ≥ 95; cooling by a separate system, cooling only; SEER2 ≥ 16. See HVAC Design Loads.

$12.53

$0.00

$12.53

1.10

Ductwork

CURRENT

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

$5.18

$0.00

$5.18

1.00

ELECTRIC

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

$5.18

$0.00

$5.18

1.00

GAS-HEAT

Supply and return ducts in conditioned space insulated to code minimum.

$5.18

$0.00

$5.18

1.00

Duct Sealing

CURRENT

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

1.00

ELECTRIC

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

1.00

GAS-HEAT

≤ greater of 80 CFM25 or 8 CFM25 per 100 sqft of conditioned floor area; tested at final.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

1.00

HVAC Grading

CURRENT

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

Fan Flow Test: Grade II
Watt Draw Test: Grade II
Refrigerant Charge: Grade I (weigh-in method)
HVAC installer must provide photo of the digital refrigerant scale showing the amount charged, with the tank on the scale and hoses connected to the outdoor unit, along with a photo of the outdoor unit's data plate.
If the non-invasive procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 is not permitted to be used during the final inspection of a unit (i.e., due to the equipment type or to outdoor air temperatures that do not meet the requirements of the non-invasive method), then the unit is permitted to be certified with a default refrigerant charge designation of Grade III. Note that in these circumstances, the weigh-in method procedure in ANSI / RESNET / ACCA 310 may still be used to pursue a Grade I designation.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Mechanical Ventilation

CURRENT

In-unit ERV
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

$2.37

$0.00

$2.37

1.20

ELECTRIC

In-unit ERV
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

$2.37

$0.00

$2.37

1.20

GAS-HEAT

In-unit ERV
1-bedroom: 70 CFM, ≥ 86% ASRE
2-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE
3-bedroom: 90 CFM, ≥ 83% ASRE

$2.37

$0.00

$2.37

1.20

Local Mechanical Exhaust

CURRENT

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement.

$1.26

$0.00

$1.26

1.05

ELECTRIC

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement.

$1.26

$0.00

$1.26

1.05

GAS-HEAT

Bathroom(s): at least 50 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or at least 20 CFM continuous and up to 2.0 sones.
Kitchen(s): at least 100 CFM intermittent and up to 3.0 sones, or continuous at 5 ACH.
Both: exhaust directly outdoors with ENERGY STAR certified fans. A balanced ERV or HRV serving the space may satisfy this requirement.

$1.26

$0.00

$1.26

1.05

Thermostats

CURRENT

Programmable thermostat (as modeled).

$0.15

$0.00

$0.15

1.05

ELECTRIC

Programmable thermostat (as modeled).

$0.15

$0.00

$0.15

1.05

GAS-HEAT

Programmable thermostat (as modeled).

$0.15

$0.00

$0.15

1.05

Path Comparison - Plumbing & Appliances

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

DHW

CURRENT

Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal.

$1.21

$0.00

$1.21

1.00

ELECTRIC

1-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 40 gal
2-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 50 gal
3-Bedroom: Heat pump water heater (HPWH) (as modeled); UEF ≥ 3.88; 65 gal

$3.35

$0.00

$3.35

1.20

GAS-HEAT

Centralized gas hot water heating system with two storage tanks and a temperature-controlled recirculating system; ≥ 0.9 energy factor; 200 gal.

$1.21

$0.00

$1.21

1.00

DHW Piping

CURRENT

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

0.95

ELECTRIC

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

0.95

GAS-HEAT

Supply piping insulated to ≥ R-3.

$0.89

$0.00

$0.89

0.95

Water Fixtures

CURRENT

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

$2.22

$0.00

$2.22

1.00

ELECTRIC

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

$2.22

$0.00

$2.22

1.00

GAS-HEAT

WaterSense certified (Lavatory ≤ 1.2 GPM; Shower ≤ 2.0 GPM; Kitchen ≤ 2.2 GPM).

$2.22

$0.00

$2.22

1.00

Refrigerator

CURRENT

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.94

$0.00

$0.94

1.10

ELECTRIC

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.94

$0.00

$0.94

1.10

GAS-HEAT

≤ 600 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.94

$0.00

$0.94

1.10

Dishwasher

CURRENT

≤ 240 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.57

$0.00

$0.57

1.10

ELECTRIC

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.52

$0.00

$0.52

1.10

GAS-HEAT

≤ 269 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.52

$0.00

$0.52

1.10

Clothes Washer

CURRENT

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.63

$0.00

$0.63

1.10

ELECTRIC

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.63

$0.00

$0.63

1.10

GAS-HEAT

IMEF ≥ 2.06; IWF ≤ 4.2; ≤ 152 kWh/yr; electric.

$0.63

$0.00

$0.63

1.10

Clothes Dryer

CURRENT

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8.

$1.42

$0.00

$1.42

1.00

ELECTRIC

Standard electric dryer; vented; CEF ≥ 3.93.

$0.67

$0.00

$0.67

1.00

GAS-HEAT

Heat pump dryer; ventless; CEF ≥ 8.

$1.42

$0.00

$1.42

1.00

Stove / Oven

CURRENT

Electric range.

$0.71

$0.00

$0.71

1.00

ELECTRIC

Electric range.

$0.71

$0.00

$0.71

1.00

GAS-HEAT

Electric range.

$0.71

$0.00

$0.71

1.00

Path Comparison - Electrical

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

Lighting

CURRENT

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

$4.00

$0.00

$4.00

0.85

ELECTRIC

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

$4.00

$0.00

$4.00

0.85

GAS-HEAT

≥ 100% high-efficacy (LED).

$4.00

$0.00

$4.00

0.85

Solar Ready

CURRENT

Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

Exempt. A solar photovoltaic system is planned for this building.

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

EV Ready

CURRENT

20% of parking spaces EV-ready.
40-amp dedicated branch circuit, or a larger branch circuit with automatic load management.
Wiring suitable for 6.6 kW or higher Level II EVSE, run to within 6 feet of the space.
One Level II space may be replaced by three Level I spaces wired for 20-amp, 120-volt EVSE.
225 CMR 23 C405.13 and Table C405.13

$0.46

$0.00

$0.46

1.00

ELECTRIC

20% of parking spaces EV-ready.
40-amp dedicated branch circuit, or a larger branch circuit with automatic load management.
Wiring suitable for 6.6 kW or higher Level II EVSE, run to within 6 feet of the space.
One Level II space may be replaced by three Level I spaces wired for 20-amp, 120-volt EVSE.
225 CMR 23 C405.13 and Table C405.13

$0.46

$0.00

$0.46

1.00

GAS-HEAT

20% of parking spaces EV-ready.
40-amp dedicated branch circuit, or a larger branch circuit with automatic load management.
Wiring suitable for 6.6 kW or higher Level II EVSE, run to within 6 feet of the space.
One Level II space may be replaced by three Level I spaces wired for 20-amp, 120-volt EVSE.
225 CMR 23 C405.13 and Table C405.13

$0.46

$0.00

$0.46

1.00

HPWH Ready

CURRENT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

ELECTRIC

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

GAS-HEAT

N/A

$0.00

$0.00

$0.00

1.00

Path Comparison - Soft Costs & Whole-Building Incentives

Item

Path

Detailed Specifications

Cost $/sf

Incentive $/sf

Net $/sf

OpEx

Paperwork & Modeling

CURRENT

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

$0.24

$1.90

-$1.66

1.00

ELECTRIC

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

$0.24

$1.90

-$1.66

1.00

GAS-HEAT

ENERGY STAR energy model to the target (per-unit HERS or whole-building ASHRAE path), the ENERGY STAR design-review checklist and multifamily workbook, and an HVAC design report.

$0.24

$0.00

$0.24

1.00

Testing & Verification

CURRENT

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

$0.57

$0.00

$0.57

1.00

ELECTRIC

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

$0.57

$0.00

$0.57

1.00

GAS-HEAT

ENERGY STAR field verification: pre-drywall and final inspections, unit air-tightness (blower door), duct-leakage, ventilation and exhaust airflow, and HVAC functional testing.

$0.57

$0.00

$0.57

1.00

Additional Design Considerations Not Represented In This Study

  • Smaller Heat Pumps on the CURRENT and ELECTRIC Units: A smaller heat pump sized to the cooling load was not used on the CURRENT three-bedroom or the ELECTRIC two- and three-bedroom units, because heating at 5F set the size. Those three stay single-stage ducted heat pumps at 24 kBtuh. ENERGY STAR MFNC holds a single-stage unit to 130 percent of the cooling load, or to 20 kBtuh when the cooling load is 15 kBtuh or less. The CURRENT three-bedroom is 173.9 percent of its 13.8 kBtuh cooling load, the ELECTRIC two-bedroom is 176.5 percent of its 13.6 kBtuh load, and the ELECTRIC three-bedroom is 165.5 percent of its 14.5 kBtuh load. Each of those cooling loads is 15 kBtuh or less, so the 20 kBtuh allowance applies, and 24 kBtuh sits above it. The same units deliver 21.1 kBtuh of heat at 5F, against a 5F heat loss of 17.0 kBtuh on the CURRENT three-bedroom, 15.9 kBtuh on the ELECTRIC two-bedroom, and 19.1 kBtuh on the ELECTRIC three-bedroom. An 18 kBtuh unit would deliver 15.8 kBtuh at 5F, short of each of those losses. A two-stage or variable-speed unit at the same 24 kBtuh may go to 25 kBtuh when the cooling load is 18 kBtuh or less, which would clear all three, and that equipment is not in this study. The CURRENT one- and two-bedroom units pass at 12 kBtuh and 18 kBtuh, and the ELECTRIC one-bedroom passes at 12 kBtuh. GAS-HEAT passes both the cooling and heating sizing gates with a separate cooling system at 9 kBtuh, 12 kBtuh, and 15 kBtuh.
  • Triple-Pane Windows: Triple-pane glazing was considered and not used. Every path specifies windows at a U-factor of 0.25 or better and an SHGC of 0.25 to 0.30. Triple-pane glass would post a lower U-factor, and it is not in the model.